Akwa Ibom
People
Akwa Ibom State, Land of Promise, situated in the South-South geopolitical zone of Nigeria, boasts a diverse population of nearly 5.5 million individuals as of 2016. This population comprises various ethnic groups, with the predominant ones being the Ibibio, Anaang, and Oron peoples. Each group contributes uniquely to the state’s cultural richness, with distinct languages, traditions, and practices. The Ibibio, for example, are known for their intricate masquerades and folklore, while the Anaang are renowned for their vibrant festivals and ceremonies. The Oron people, on the other hand, have a rich maritime heritage, reflected in their fishing traditions and seafaring culture. Despite their differences, these ethnic groups coexist harmoniously, fostering a sense of unity and solidarity within the state.
Culture
One of the defining aspects of Akwa Ibom’s culture is its traditional festivals and ceremonies. The Ibibio people, for example, celebrate the Ekpo and Ekong festivals, which are colorful displays of masquerades, music, and dance. These festivals serve as occasions for communal bonding, spiritual rejuvenation, and the preservation of cultural heritage. Music and dance play a central role in Akwa Ibom’s cultural expression. Traditional music genres such as Ekombi, Ibibio Highlife, and Ekere Owu are performed during festivals, weddings, and other social gatherings. These musical forms are accompanied by intricate dance movements that convey stories, emotions, and historical narratives.Cuisine is another important aspect of Akwa Ibom’s culture. The state is renowned for its delicious delicacies, including afang soup, edikang ikong, and fisherman’s soup, all of which are made with locally sourced ingredients such as fresh seafood, vegetables, and spices. Food is not just sustenance in Akwa Ibom; it is also a means of celebrating hospitality and strengthening social bonds.
Economy
The economy of Akwa Ibom State is primarily driven by its abundant natural resources, strategic location, and investment in key sectors such as oil and gas, agriculture, tourism, and commerce. As one of Nigeria’s leading oil-producing states, Akwa Ibom derives a significant portion of its revenue from the exploration and production of crude oil and natural gas. The state is home to several oil and gas companies, including ExxonMobil, which operates one of the largest oil production facilities in the country.
Agriculture also plays a vital role in the economy of Akwa Ibom State. The state’s fertile soil and favorable climate support the cultivation of a wide range of crops, including cassava, yam, plantain, cocoa, and palm produce. Small-scale farmers and agribusinesses contribute to the production of food and cash crops, thereby promoting food security and economic diversification.
In recent years, Akwa Ibom has made significant investments in tourism infrastructure and development. The state boasts beautiful natural attractions such as pristine beaches, waterfalls, wildlife reserves, and cultural heritage sites. Tourism initiatives such as the Ibom Airline, Ibom Hotel & Golf Resort, and Ibom Tropicana Entertainment Center aim to attract both domestic and international tourists, thereby generating revenue and creating employment opportunities. Commerce and trade thrive in Akwa Ibom State, fueled by the presence of bustling markets, shopping centers, and commercial hubs in major cities like Uyo, Eket, and Ikot Ekpene. The state’s strategic location along the Gulf of Guinea coast enhances its connectivity to regional and international markets, facilitating trade activities and commerce.
Politics
Politics in Akwa Ibom State are characterized by the dominance of the three main ethnic groups: the Ibibio, Anaang, and Oro. These groups wield significant influence in the state’s political landscape, with each vying for representation and control. The state government is led by a democratically elected governor who collaborates closely with the state house of assembly to govern the affairs of the state. The capital city of Uyo serves as the administrative center, hosting government institutions and agencies. The state follows an electoral system based on a modified two-round system, where candidates must secure a plurality of votes and over 25% of the vote in at least two-thirds of the state’s local government areas to win in the first round. In the event that no candidate meets this threshold, a second round of voting is conducted between the top candidates. Despite occasional political tensions and rivalries, Akwa Ibom remains committed to democratic principles and the peaceful transition of power, ensuring stability and continuity in governance.
Since its establishment in 1987 upon its separation from Cross River State, Akwa Ibom State in Nigeria has been governed by a series of administrators and governors. Tunde Ogbehaserved as the first administrator from September 28, 1987, to July 30, 1988, followed by Godwin Abbe from July 31, 1988, to September 5, 1990, and then Idongesit Nkanga from September 5, 1990, to January 2, 1992, all under military administrations. Akpan Iseminassumed office as the first civilian governor on January 2, 1992, representing the National Republican Convention (NRC), leading until November 18, 1993. Subsequent administrators under military rule were Yakubu Bako from December 15, 1993, to August 21, 1996, Joseph Adeusi from August 21, 1996, to August 9, 1998, and John Ebiye from August 9, 1998, to May 29, 1999. Victor Attah then took office as governor on May 29, 1999, under the platform of the People’s Democratic Party (PDP), serving until May 29, 2007. Godswill Akpabio succeeded him, also from the PDP, governing from May 29, 2007, to May 29, 2015. Udom Gabriel Emmanuel assumed office as governor on May 29, 2015, representing the PDP and currently holds office until May 29, 2023. Umo Bassey Eno is set to take over as governor from May 29, 2023, onwards, also representing the PDP.
pcl. State Performance Index
The pcl. State Performance Index provides a comprehensive assessment of Abia State's overall performance, combining primary survey data with data from credible sources. In summary, Abia State achieved a PSPI Score of -0.32, ranking 36th out of 37 states with a BBB rating, indicating Under Performance.
Summary of Analysis
Abia State’s assessment reveals a sub-optimal utilisation of its socioeconomic potential, compounded by the pessimistic perspectives voiced by its citizens in our survey. This combined evaluation results in Abia State receiving a BB rating, indicating “under-performance,” and securing the 36th overall ranking. Abia State requires significant improvement across all other indicators except for literacy rate and the capital expenditure to budget ratio. Additionally, effective management of citizens’ perceptions of performance is crucial. Abia State should prioritise strengthening public institutions, investing in infrastructure, and fostering human capital development.
Outlook for Akwa Ibom State: Positive
The outlook for Abia State remains positive, contingent upon several key factors:
1. Political Shift: The recent election victory of Mr Alex Otti from the Labour Party heralds a promising change in Abia State’s political landscape. The public’s optimism suggests a heightened focus on people-centric governance, potentially translating into improved overall administration.
2. Private Sector Expertise: Governor Alex Otti’s background in the private sector, notably as a seasoned banker, injects valuable expertise into the state’s leadership. While promising, potential conflicts with the public service require careful management to ensure effective collaboration and governance.
3. Innovative Local Governance: A groundbreaking shift in local governance sees accomplished individuals and former military leaders appointed as mayors, a departure from traditional political appointments. While not constitutionally mandated, this innovative approach aims to engage elites in government, fostering efficient local administration and promising prosperity.
4. Infrastructural Drive: The prioritisation of major road projects, including the Aba-Port Harcourt road constructed by Julius Berger, underscores the commitment to transformative infrastructure. Well-connected roads are vital for trade and hold the potential to drive holistic state development.
5. Resource Optimisation: Abia State possesses untapped resources, including gas reserves and a skilled workforce. Effective utilisation of these assets is a key driver for growth and could significantly impact the state’s economic outlook.
While the current positive outlook is a good starting point for Abia state, it is crucial to recognise and confront specific challenges that have the potential to hinder further progress. These challenges include:
1. Early Politicking for the Next Elections: Due to the Labour Party movement in the Southeast and the need for the ruling party at the centre to gain more grounds, politicians and leaders in Abia might become preoccupied with preparing for the next elections soon after taking office. This early focus on political campaigns and securing future positions can divert attention and resources away from governance and addressing the immediate needs of the state’s residents. It may result in less effective governance and slower progress on important issues.
2. Ongoing Agitation in the Southeast: The Southeast region of Nigeria has experienced agitation and unrest in recent years, with various groups and movements expressing their grievances and demands. If not well managed, these ongoing tensions and protests could disrupt peace and stability in Abia State. It might create an environment of uncertainty that hampers economic activities, investments, and overall development efforts. Therefore, effectively addressing and managing these regional tensions is essential for continued progress in the state
Recommendations for Sustainable Progress
To ensure sustainable progress and growth and move Abia State to a positive outlook, the following recommendations should be considered:
1. Enhanced citizen Engagement: Abia State should prioritise engaging with its citizens through regular town hall meetings, consultations with key stakeholders, and transparent communication. Involving citizens in policymaking is essential for effective governance.
2. Political Solution for Agitation: The state government should engage with the federal government to find a lasting political solution to the ongoing agitation in the Southeast, fostering peace and stability.
3. Infrastructure Revolution: Commence an infrastructure revolution in the state using creative means such as concessions, public-private partnerships (PPPs), and project finance. This will enhance the state’s physical and economic development.
4. Strengthen Public Institutions: Pay attention to the traditional institutions and public service to ensure effective service delivery for the benefit of the public. Strengthening institutions is crucial for governance and development.
5. Maximise Domestic Trade: Improve tax reforms, enhance market access and development, and invest in transportation infrastructure to maximise opportunities for domestic trade. This will stimulate economic growth and create employment opportunities.
6. Inter-State Collaboration for Progress: Collaborate with other state governments across Nigeria, drawing lessons from states like Akwa Ibom, Jigawa, Kwara, Gombe, and Kogi in various areas such as infrastructure development, job creation, financial inclusion, public institution strengthening, and the preservation of social and cultural values. Learning from the experiences of successful states can help Abia State bridge gaps and achieve its development goals.
By implementing these recommendations and focusing on the identified areas of improvement, Abia State can further solidify its position as a prosperous and stable state within Nigeria, contributing to its continuous growth and development.
Fact Sheet
Internally Generated Revenue
18.65 B
Y-o-Y
-5%
Per Capital Income
943,526.99
Y-o-Y
10
PMS Price
643.13
Y-o-Y
248%
Budget Size
160.52 B
Y-o-Y
9
Capital Expenditure
45.42 B
Y-o-Y
4%
Operating Expenditure
54.88B
Y-o-Y
1
Inflation Rate
29%
Y-o-Y
32%
Unemployment Rate
50.10%
Y-o-Y
5
Poverty Rate
10.7%
Y-o-Y
-65%
Infant Mortality Rate
115
Y-o-Y
37%
Literacy Rate
89
Y-o-Y
-7%
FAAC Allocation
82.95 B
Y-o-Y
35%
Data Source
National Bureau of Statistics:
▪ FAAC Allocation – 2022
▪ Inflation rate – 2022 – 2023
▪ PMS Price – 2022/23 Q4
▪ GDP – 2021 & 2022
▪ Mineral resources The World Bank
▪ Ease of doing business report
Kingmakers State of States Report
▪ Population
▪ Employment rate
▪ Mortality rate
▪ Literacy rate
Statista
▪ Unemployment Rate – 2020
NGF Digital Repository
▪ Capital and Operating Expenditure
▪ IGR
▪ Domestic and Foreign Debts
State Government Websites
▪ Budget Sizes – 2022 & 2023
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