Benue
People
The people of Benue State, located in the North-Central region of Nigeria, are diverse, with the Tiv, Idoma, and Igede ethnic groups being the major inhabitants. As of the last census, the population of Benue State was estimated to be over 5 million people. The Tiv ethnic group is the largest in the state, followed by the Idoma and Igede people. Other ethnic groups, such as the Etulo, Jukun, and Hausa-Fulani, also reside in the state, contributing to its cultural diversity.
In terms of demographics, the population of Benue State is predominantly rural, with a significant portion engaged in agriculture. Farming is the primary occupation, with crops such as yams, maize, millet, and cassava being cultivated across the state. Fishing is also a significant economic activity, particularly among communities living along the riverine areas.
The people of Benue State are known for their rich cultural heritage, which is evident in their traditional festivals, ceremonies, and social practices. Traditional marriage ceremonies, festivals like the Igede Agba Festival, and rituals such as the Tiv Kwagh-Hir Theater are important aspects of their cultural identity. Despite modernization and urbanization, many communities in Benue State continue to uphold their traditional beliefs, values, and customs, which are passed down from generation to generation.
Culture
The culture of Benue State is rich and diverse, reflecting the traditions, beliefs, and practices of its various ethnic groups, including the Tiv, Idoma, Igede, and other smaller tribes. Traditional practices, ceremonies, festivals, and art forms are integral parts of the cultural fabric of the state.
One of the prominent cultural features of Benue State is its traditional festivals. These festivals serve as occasions for community gathering, social interaction, and the celebration of cultural heritage. The Igede Agba Festival is a colorful celebration that showcases the cultural history of the Igede people through music, dance, masquerades, and rituals. Similarly, the Tiv people celebrate the Kwagh-Hir Theater, a traditional form of storytelling and entertainment that involves elaborate puppetry, music, and dance performances.Traditional marriage ceremonies are also significant cultural events in Benue State. These ceremonies are characterized by various rituals, including the payment of bride price, exchange of gifts, and elaborate celebrations that involve the entire community. They serve as important social occasions for strengthening family ties, fostering unity, and upholding cultural values.
Religion plays a vital role in the cultural landscape of Benue State, with Christianity and traditional African religions being the dominant faiths. Traditional religious practices, such as ancestor worship, spirit veneration, and divination, coexist with Christian beliefs, creating a unique blend of cultural expression.
Economy
Benue state possesses a predominantly agricultural economy. Agriculture is the mainstay of the state’s economy, with a focus on crops such as yam, rice, maize, soybeans, cassava, and millet. The fertile lands of Benue, particularly along the banks of the Benue River, support robust agricultural activities, earning the state the nickname “Food Basket of the Nation.” Benue also has significant livestock production, particularly cattle ranching, making it a major supplier of beef to other parts of Nigeria. Despite its agricultural potential, Benue faces challenges such as inadequate infrastructure, limited access to credit facilities for farmers, and recurrent clashes between farmers and herdsmen, which have hindered the full potentialof its agricultural sector.
Efforts to diversify the economy beyond agriculture are underway, with initiatives to develop sectors such as tourism, solid minerals, and small-scale industries. Additionally, increasing attention on improving infrastructure will enhance agricultural productivity, and promoting investment in key sectors to stimulate economic growth and development in the state.
Politics
Politics in Benue State has been characterized by a dynamic interplay of political parties, power shifts, and socio-economic challenges. The state has witnessed the emergence of influential political figures and parties, with the People’s Democratic Party (PDP) historically holding significant sway, except for recent elections, where Rev. Fr.Hyacinth Alia from the APC won, who assumed office on May 29th, 2023. Notable past governors include George Akume (1999-2007, PDP) and Samuel Ortom (2015-2023, PDP initially and later defected to the All Progressives Congress), The current governor of the state is Hyacinth Lormem Alia, also under the party of APC. The state’s political landscape has been shaped by issues such as ethno-religious tensions, farmer-herder conflicts, and agitations for resource control, especially regarding land and grazing rights. These factors have influenced electoral outcomes, policy decisions, and governance dynamics, reflecting the complex socio-political fabric of the state. Politics in Benue State has been characterized by a dynamic interplay of political parties, power shifts, and socio-economic challenges. The state has witnessed the emergence of influential political figures and parties, with the People’s Democratic Party (PDP) historically holding significant sway, except for recent elections, where Rev. Fr.Hyacinth Alia from the APC won, who assumed office on May 29th, 2023. Notable past governors include George Akume (1999-2007, PDP) and Samuel Ortom (2015-2023, PDP initially and later defected to the All Progressives Congress), The current governor of the state is Hyacinth Lormem Alia, also under the party of APC. The state’s political landscape has been shaped by issues such as ethno-religious tensions, farmer-herder conflicts, and agitations for resource control, especially regarding land and grazing rights. These factors have influenced electoral outcomes, policy decisions, and governance dynamics, reflecting the complex socio-political fabric of the state.
pcl. State Performance Index
The pcl. State Performance Index provides a comprehensive assessment of Abia State's overall performance, combining primary survey data with data from credible sources. In summary, Abia State achieved a PSPI Score of -0.32, ranking 36th out of 37 states with a BBB rating, indicating Under Performance.
Summary of Analysis
Abia State’s assessment reveals a sub-optimal utilisation of its socioeconomic potential, compounded by the pessimistic perspectives voiced by its citizens in our survey. This combined evaluation results in Abia State receiving a BB rating, indicating “under-performance,” and securing the 36th overall ranking. Abia State requires significant improvement across all other indicators except for literacy rate and the capital expenditure to budget ratio. Additionally, effective management of citizens’ perceptions of performance is crucial. Abia State should prioritise strengthening public institutions, investing in infrastructure, and fostering human capital development.
Outlook for Benue State: Positive
The outlook for Abia State remains positive, contingent upon several key factors:
1. Political Shift: The recent election victory of Mr Alex Otti from the Labour Party heralds a promising change in Abia State’s political landscape. The public’s optimism suggests a heightened focus on people-centric governance, potentially translating into improved overall administration.
2. Private Sector Expertise: Governor Alex Otti’s background in the private sector, notably as a seasoned banker, injects valuable expertise into the state’s leadership. While promising, potential conflicts with the public service require careful management to ensure effective collaboration and governance.
3. Innovative Local Governance: A groundbreaking shift in local governance sees accomplished individuals and former military leaders appointed as mayors, a departure from traditional political appointments. While not constitutionally mandated, this innovative approach aims to engage elites in government, fostering efficient local administration and promising prosperity.
4. Infrastructural Drive: The prioritisation of major road projects, including the Aba-Port Harcourt road constructed by Julius Berger, underscores the commitment to transformative infrastructure. Well-connected roads are vital for trade and hold the potential to drive holistic state development.
5. Resource Optimisation: Abia State possesses untapped resources, including gas reserves and a skilled workforce. Effective utilisation of these assets is a key driver for growth and could significantly impact the state’s economic outlook.
While the current positive outlook is a good starting point for Abia state, it is crucial to recognise and confront specific challenges that have the potential to hinder further progress. These challenges include:
1. Early Politicking for the Next Elections: Due to the Labour Party movement in the Southeast and the need for the ruling party at the centre to gain more grounds, politicians and leaders in Abia might become preoccupied with preparing for the next elections soon after taking office. This early focus on political campaigns and securing future positions can divert attention and resources away from governance and addressing the immediate needs of the state’s residents. It may result in less effective governance and slower progress on important issues.
2. Ongoing Agitation in the Southeast: The Southeast region of Nigeria has experienced agitation and unrest in recent years, with various groups and movements expressing their grievances and demands. If not well managed, these ongoing tensions and protests could disrupt peace and stability in Abia State. It might create an environment of uncertainty that hampers economic activities, investments, and overall development efforts. Therefore, effectively addressing and managing these regional tensions is essential for continued progress in the state
Recommendations for Sustainable Progress
To ensure sustainable progress and growth and move Abia State to a positive outlook, the following recommendations should be considered:
1. Enhanced citizen Engagement: Abia State should prioritise engaging with its citizens through regular town hall meetings, consultations with key stakeholders, and transparent communication. Involving citizens in policymaking is essential for effective governance.
2. Political Solution for Agitation: The state government should engage with the federal government to find a lasting political solution to the ongoing agitation in the Southeast, fostering peace and stability.
3. Infrastructure Revolution: Commence an infrastructure revolution in the state using creative means such as concessions, public-private partnerships (PPPs), and project finance. This will enhance the state’s physical and economic development.
4. Strengthen Public Institutions: Pay attention to the traditional institutions and public service to ensure effective service delivery for the benefit of the public. Strengthening institutions is crucial for governance and development.
5. Maximise Domestic Trade: Improve tax reforms, enhance market access and development, and invest in transportation infrastructure to maximise opportunities for domestic trade. This will stimulate economic growth and create employment opportunities.
6. Inter-State Collaboration for Progress: Collaborate with other state governments across Nigeria, drawing lessons from states like Akwa Ibom, Jigawa, Kwara, Gombe, and Kogi in various areas such as infrastructure development, job creation, financial inclusion, public institution strengthening, and the preservation of social and cultural values. Learning from the experiences of successful states can help Abia State bridge gaps and achieve its development goals.
By implementing these recommendations and focusing on the identified areas of improvement, Abia State can further solidify its position as a prosperous and stable state within Nigeria, contributing to its continuous growth and development.
Fact Sheet
Internally Generated Revenue
18.65 B
Y-o-Y
-5%
Per Capital Income
943,526.99
Y-o-Y
10
PMS Price
643.13
Y-o-Y
248%
Budget Size
160.52 B
Y-o-Y
9
Capital Expenditure
45.42 B
Y-o-Y
4%
Operating Expenditure
54.88B
Y-o-Y
1
Inflation Rate
29%
Y-o-Y
32%
Unemployment Rate
50.10%
Y-o-Y
5
Poverty Rate
10.7%
Y-o-Y
-65%
Infant Mortality Rate
115
Y-o-Y
37%
Literacy Rate
89
Y-o-Y
-7%
FAAC Allocation
82.95 B
Y-o-Y
35%
Data Source
National Bureau of Statistics:
▪ FAAC Allocation – 2022
▪ Inflation rate – 2022 – 2023
▪ PMS Price – 2022/23 Q4
▪ GDP – 2021 & 2022
▪ Mineral resources The World Bank
▪ Ease of doing business report
Kingmakers State of States Report
▪ Population
▪ Employment rate
▪ Mortality rate
▪ Literacy rate
Statista
▪ Unemployment Rate – 2020
NGF Digital Repository
▪ Capital and Operating Expenditure
▪ IGR
▪ Domestic and Foreign Debts
State Government Websites
▪ Budget Sizes – 2022 & 2023
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