Cross River
People
Cross River State, located in the southsouth region of Nigeria, presents a distinct collection of cultures, traditions, and ethnic identities. The state is home to several ethnic groups, with the Efik, Ejagham, Bekwarra, and Obudu being some of the prominent ones. The Efik people, primarily concentrated in the capital city of Calabar, have a rich cultural heritage and historical significance. They are famous for their colorful festivals, elaborate traditional attire, and delicious cuisine. The Ekpe and Obong societies, which are traditional institutions among the Efik, play important roles in maintaining social order and preserving cultural practices.
The Ejagham people, found in the northern part of Cross River State, have a distinct cultural identity characterized by their unique language, art, and craftwork. The Ekoi are best known for their Ekpe headdresses. The Obudu people, residing in the mountainous region of Obudu, have a strong agricultural tradition and are known for their terraced farming practices. They celebrate cultural festivals like the “Ngadi” festival, which marks the beginning of the farming season and involves traditional rituals and ceremonies to appease the gods. Cross River State is also home to a significant population of other ethnic groups, including the Yalaand Igede each contributing to the cultural diversity and richness of the state.
Culture
One of the most notable aspects of Cross River’s culture is its series of traditional festivals, which serve as platforms for showcasing indigenous customs and fostering community cohesion. The Calabar Carnival, often referred to as “Africa’s Biggest Street Party,” is a highlight of the state’s cultural calendar. Held annually in Calabar, the capital city, the carnival features elaborate parades, masquerade displays, music, dance, and costumes, attracting thousands of participants and spectators from Nigeria and beyond.
Beyond the Calabar Carnival, Cross River State is home to a plethora of other festivals celebrated by various ethnic groups. For example, the Efik people, who are predominantly found in Calabar, observe the Ekpe festival, a traditional event characterized by masquerade performances, and ritual ceremonies that honor ancestral spirits. Similarly, the Ejaghampeople celebrate the Nkim Cult, a secretive religious practice involving elaborate rituals, songs, and dances performed to maintain social order and seek divine protection.
Economy
Cross River State boasts a diverse and vibrant economy driven by various sectors. The state’s economy is anchored by agriculture, with fertile land supporting the cultivation of a wide range of crops such as cocoa, oil palm, rubber, cassava, and rice. Agriculture remains a vital source of livelihood for many residents, providing employment opportunities and contributing to food security. The state benefits from its coastal location, enabling fishing activities along its shoreline, which further enhances the agricultural sector’s contribution to the economy.
In addition to agriculture, tourism plays a pivotal role in Cross River State’s economic landscape. The state is home to several natural attractions, including the famous Obudu Cattle Ranch, Agbokim Waterfalls, and the Cross River National Park. These attractions draw tourists from within Nigeria and abroad, contributing significantly to revenue generation and job creation in the hospitality and tourism sectors.
Furthermore, the service sector, encompassing trade, transportation, and hospitality, plays a crucial role in the Cross River State’s economy. The commercial activities in urban centers like Calabar, the state capital, drive trade and commerce, while the transportation sector facilitates the movement of goods and people within and beyond the state’s borders. The hospitality industry, comprising hotels, restaurants, and entertainment establishments, caters to the needs of visitors and residents alike, further stimulating economic activity.
Politics
The state has been governed by various political parties over the years, reflecting its dynamic political environment. Past governors of Cross River State include Donald Duke, who served from 1999 to 2007 under the People’s Democratic Party (PDP), and Liyel Imoke, who succeeded him and served from 2007 to 2015, also under the PDP. Benedict Ayade, also of the PDP served from 2015-2023, Governor Bassey Out is the current governor of the state, hewas sworn in May 2023 under the party of the PDP.
The Cross River State House of Assembly comprises 25 members representing different constituencies across the state. These representatives play a crucial role in the legislative process, enacting laws and policies that impact the lives of residents and contribute to the overall development of the state. The political dynamics in Cross River State are often influenced by factors such as ethnicity, religion, and socioeconomic interests, reflecting the broader political landscape of Nigeria.
pcl. State Performance Index
The pcl. State Performance Index provides a comprehensive assessment of Abia State's overall performance, combining primary survey data with data from credible sources. In summary, Abia State achieved a PSPI Score of -0.32, ranking 36th out of 37 states with a BBB rating, indicating Under Performance.
Summary of Analysis
Abia State’s assessment reveals a sub-optimal utilisation of its socioeconomic potential, compounded by the pessimistic perspectives voiced by its citizens in our survey. This combined evaluation results in Abia State receiving a BB rating, indicating “under-performance,” and securing the 36th overall ranking. Abia State requires significant improvement across all other indicators except for literacy rate and the capital expenditure to budget ratio. Additionally, effective management of citizens’ perceptions of performance is crucial. Abia State should prioritise strengthening public institutions, investing in infrastructure, and fostering human capital development.
Outlook for Cross River State: Positive
The outlook for Abia State remains positive, contingent upon several key factors:
1. Political Shift: The recent election victory of Mr Alex Otti from the Labour Party heralds a promising change in Abia State’s political landscape. The public’s optimism suggests a heightened focus on people-centric governance, potentially translating into improved overall administration.
2. Private Sector Expertise: Governor Alex Otti’s background in the private sector, notably as a seasoned banker, injects valuable expertise into the state’s leadership. While promising, potential conflicts with the public service require careful management to ensure effective collaboration and governance.
3. Innovative Local Governance: A groundbreaking shift in local governance sees accomplished individuals and former military leaders appointed as mayors, a departure from traditional political appointments. While not constitutionally mandated, this innovative approach aims to engage elites in government, fostering efficient local administration and promising prosperity.
4. Infrastructural Drive: The prioritisation of major road projects, including the Aba-Port Harcourt road constructed by Julius Berger, underscores the commitment to transformative infrastructure. Well-connected roads are vital for trade and hold the potential to drive holistic state development.
5. Resource Optimisation: Abia State possesses untapped resources, including gas reserves and a skilled workforce. Effective utilisation of these assets is a key driver for growth and could significantly impact the state’s economic outlook.
While the current positive outlook is a good starting point for Abia state, it is crucial to recognise and confront specific challenges that have the potential to hinder further progress. These challenges include:
1. Early Politicking for the Next Elections: Due to the Labour Party movement in the Southeast and the need for the ruling party at the centre to gain more grounds, politicians and leaders in Abia might become preoccupied with preparing for the next elections soon after taking office. This early focus on political campaigns and securing future positions can divert attention and resources away from governance and addressing the immediate needs of the state’s residents. It may result in less effective governance and slower progress on important issues.
2. Ongoing Agitation in the Southeast: The Southeast region of Nigeria has experienced agitation and unrest in recent years, with various groups and movements expressing their grievances and demands. If not well managed, these ongoing tensions and protests could disrupt peace and stability in Abia State. It might create an environment of uncertainty that hampers economic activities, investments, and overall development efforts. Therefore, effectively addressing and managing these regional tensions is essential for continued progress in the state
Recommendations for Sustainable Progress
To ensure sustainable progress and growth and move Abia State to a positive outlook, the following recommendations should be considered:
1. Enhanced citizen Engagement: Abia State should prioritise engaging with its citizens through regular town hall meetings, consultations with key stakeholders, and transparent communication. Involving citizens in policymaking is essential for effective governance.
2. Political Solution for Agitation: The state government should engage with the federal government to find a lasting political solution to the ongoing agitation in the Southeast, fostering peace and stability.
3. Infrastructure Revolution: Commence an infrastructure revolution in the state using creative means such as concessions, public-private partnerships (PPPs), and project finance. This will enhance the state’s physical and economic development.
4. Strengthen Public Institutions: Pay attention to the traditional institutions and public service to ensure effective service delivery for the benefit of the public. Strengthening institutions is crucial for governance and development.
5. Maximise Domestic Trade: Improve tax reforms, enhance market access and development, and invest in transportation infrastructure to maximise opportunities for domestic trade. This will stimulate economic growth and create employment opportunities.
6. Inter-State Collaboration for Progress: Collaborate with other state governments across Nigeria, drawing lessons from states like Akwa Ibom, Jigawa, Kwara, Gombe, and Kogi in various areas such as infrastructure development, job creation, financial inclusion, public institution strengthening, and the preservation of social and cultural values. Learning from the experiences of successful states can help Abia State bridge gaps and achieve its development goals.
By implementing these recommendations and focusing on the identified areas of improvement, Abia State can further solidify its position as a prosperous and stable state within Nigeria, contributing to its continuous growth and development.
Fact Sheet
Internally Generated Revenue
18.65 B
Y-o-Y
-5%
Per Capital Income
943,526.99
Y-o-Y
10
PMS Price
643.13
Y-o-Y
248%
Budget Size
160.52 B
Y-o-Y
9
Capital Expenditure
45.42 B
Y-o-Y
4%
Operating Expenditure
54.88B
Y-o-Y
1
Inflation Rate
29%
Y-o-Y
32%
Unemployment Rate
50.10%
Y-o-Y
5
Poverty Rate
10.7%
Y-o-Y
-65%
Infant Mortality Rate
115
Y-o-Y
37%
Literacy Rate
89
Y-o-Y
-7%
FAAC Allocation
82.95 B
Y-o-Y
35%
Data Source
National Bureau of Statistics:
▪ FAAC Allocation – 2022
▪ Inflation rate – 2022 – 2023
▪ PMS Price – 2022/23 Q4
▪ GDP – 2021 & 2022
▪ Mineral resources The World Bank
▪ Ease of doing business report
Kingmakers State of States Report
▪ Population
▪ Employment rate
▪ Mortality rate
▪ Literacy rate
Statista
▪ Unemployment Rate – 2020
NGF Digital Repository
▪ Capital and Operating Expenditure
▪ IGR
▪ Domestic and Foreign Debts
State Government Websites
▪ Budget Sizes – 2022 & 2023
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